Analytical Chemistry I.

INTRODUCTION

Hours

Fundamental concepts.

2

Example 1: determination of iron in beer, AAS. Standard addition.

1

Example 2: determination of aluminium in cement, AAS. Matrix effect, calibration.

1

Example 3: Ethanol content of blood, measurement by HS-GC. Internal standard method.

1

Example 4: Analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures (engine fuel) by GC

1

Reliability of analysis. Systematic and random errors. Accuracy and precision; limit of detection, limit of quantitation; range

1

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS AND GRAVIMETRY

Acid-base titrations. Volumetric analysis of strong acids and bases. Logarithmic equilibrium diagrams, titration curves. Indicator error.

1

Titration of weak acids and weak bases. Logarithmic equilibrium diagram, titration curves. Calculation of the pH of the equivalence point. Buffers. Indicators.

2

Polyprotic acids and bases. Analysis of carbonate- hydrogen carbonate mixtures. Acid-base titrations in non-aqueous media.

2

Complexometric reactions and titrations. Formation constants. Chelates. EDTA titrations. Indicators

2

Precipitation reactions. Precipitation titrations. Gravimetry..

2

Redox reactions and titrations: iodometry, bromatometry, permanganometry, titration curves and their interpretation

2

ELECTROANALYSIS

Introduction. Electrochemical cells. Overview of electroanalytical methods

1

Potentiometry. Galvanic cells. Activity. Reference electrodes.  Liquid junction potentials

2

Potentiometry. Indicator electrodes. Redox electrodes. Nernst equation. Redox titrations with potentiometric endpoint detection

1

Ion-selective electrodes. Solid membrane electrodes: Glass electrode. Fluoride-selective electrodes. Precipitate-based electrodes.

2

Ion-selective electrodes. Liquid membrane electrodes. Selectivity. Direct potentiometry. Calibration. Standard addition

1

Conductometry. Introduction. Conductometric cells

1

Conductometric titrations

1

OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Introduction. Properties of light. Spectrophotometers. Spectrum

2

Atomic spectroscopy. Theory of atomic spectroscopy. Introduction to analytical applications of atomic spectroscopy. Concept and benefits. Introduction to Atomic Absorption/Emission/Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Atomization. Thermal processes in atom sources. Boltzmann distribution

2

Atomic spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with flame and electrothermal atomization. Instrumentation.

2

Atomic spectroscopy methods. Flame optical emission spectrometry, flame photometry (F-OES). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

2

Molecular Spectroscopy. Basics of ultraviolet (UV) and Visible (VIS) Absorption Spectroscopy. Spectrophotometers. Lambert-Beer law, deviations from Lambert-Beer Law

2

MASS SPECTROMETRY

Introduction to mass spectrometry. Main units of mass spectrometers

2

SEPARATION METHODS

Introduction to separation methods. Categorization of separation methods. Chromatography

2

Basics of chromatographic separations. Chromatogram. Parameters characterising the separation efficiency Partition coefficient. Retention time. Number of theoretical plates.  Zone broadening. Resolution

2

Gas Chromatography. Introduction. Columns. Capillary columns. Stationary phases. Injectors

2

Main parts of a gas chromatograph. Detectors

1

Quantitative analysis with gas chromatography. Calibration. Internal standard method. Temperature gradient method. Applications

1

Liquid chromatography. Classification and overview of liquid chromatography methods. Eluent strength

2

Main parts of HPLC systems. Pump. Injector. Columns. Detector

1

Electrophoresis. Principles. Instrumentation. Applications

2

IMMUNOANALYSIS

Basic concepts. Structure of antibodies. Antigen- antibody reactions

1

Analytical measurements based on antigen-antibody reactions. Classification and principle of label-based methods. Quantitative analysis by immunoassays

1