Unit Processes of Organic Chemistry

Introduction: the most commonly used chemical transformations and their coupling in the chemical industry, the role of the technological parameters (temperature, pressure, stirring, etc.), aspects of solvent, reactions carried out without solvent.                                                                                                                               2 hours

 Alkylation: alkylation of alcohols and amines with alcohols, esters of inorganic acids, alkyl halides, olefines, ethylene oxide, as well as special alkylating agents, catalysts, typical technological parameters, role of the pressure, alkylation of CH-acidic compounds, phase transfer catalyzed alkylation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, FC alkylation in ionic liquids, environmentally friendly considerations, hydroxymethylation, chloromethylation and Mannich reaction.                                                                                                                                            3 hours

Acylation: acylation of alcohols with carboxylic acids, acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, nitriles and compounds contained comulated double bonds, shifting of the equilibrium reactions, triphosgene as a practical and "green" acylating agent, phosphorylations, acylation of carboxylic acids, hydrolysis of acid derivatives, industrial parameters of hydrolysis, acylation of amines with various acylating agents, synthesis of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyurethanes and polyamides, acylation of CH-acidic compounds, phase transfer catalyzed acylations, Friedel-Crafts acylations and formylations.

                                                                                                                                            3 hours

 Halogenation: halogenating agents, substitution- and addition-chlorination of various hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, aromatic compounds), photochemical reactions, consecutive reactions, addition of hydrogen halide and hypohalogenic acid to unsaturated hydrocarbons, bromination, iodination, synthesis of organic flourine compounds.                                                                                                                                            2 hours

Nitration: nitrating agents, vapor phase nitration of aliphatic compounds with nitric acid, mixed acid nitration of aromatic compounds, role of the stirring and cooling, dehydrating value, regeneration of the spent acid, Othmer nitration, utilization of aromatic nitro compounds, nitratation, environmental problems. 2 hours

 Sulfonation-sulfation: sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of paraffins, alkyl sulfates, alkene- and hydroxyalkane sulfuric acids from alcohols and olefins, sulfonation of aromatic compounds with sulfur trioxide, oleum or sulfuric acid, characterization of the sulfonation, Sulfurex procedure, the practical significance of the sulfonated and sulfated compounds.

                                                                                                                                            2 hours

 Oxidation: liquid-gas phase catalytic oxidation of paraffins, aldehydes and aromatic substrates, vapor-gas-solid phase oxidation of olefins, alcohols and aromatic compounds, safty of oxidation (exothermic reactions), oxidation with variable valency metal salts and peroxides, green alternative method of the nitric adipic acid syntheis, significance of the intermediates obtained by oxidation.                                                  2 hours

 Reduction: catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated-, carbonyl- and nitro compounds, hydrogen as the greenest reducing agent, equilibrium of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation, catalytic hydrogenations in ionic liquids, enantioselective hydrogenation, examples of the use of other reducing agents (metals and their amalgams, metal hydrides, hydrazine, etc), significance of the intermediates obtained by hydrogenation. 2 hours

 Oxo synthesis: synthesis of aliphatic aldehydes by hydroformylation of olefins, reactions catalyzed by cobalt tetracarbonyl and rhodium-phosphine complex, TOF, Factors influencing the outcome of the reaction, hydroformylation of styrene, chemo- and regioselectivity, hydroformylation in ionic liquids, utilization of the products obtained from oxo-synthesis, reactions carried out with carbon monoxide.       2 hours

 Diazotization and coupling: diazotization of aromatic amines, parameters of the reaction (pH, temperature, etc.), reverse diazotization, utilization of the diazonium salts in coupling and exchange  reactions, as well as reductions.                                                                                                                                            2 hours

 Other important industrial organic chemical transformations: elimination, isomerization, rearrangement, polymerisation, polycondensation and other kinds of special, but important transformations.      2 hours

 Environmentally friendly technologies: selected examples of industrial applications of the homogenous and heterogenous catalytic, as well as phase transfer catalytic reactions, the ionic liquids and the microvawe technique, examples for short synthetic routes.                                                                                   2 hours

General comments: in cases of all basic prosesses, a few typical industrial examples will be discussed with the presentation of important elements of the technology.