Power System Operation and Control

Cooperation of power systems. European systems, organizations. Main characteristics of the Hungarian and European power systems. Transmission and distribution network in Hungary, cross-border capacities.

Operating requirements of power systems. Quality, security, costs, environment. System stages, transitions. ENTSO-E (Operation Handbook, Network Code) and Operating Rulebook regulations.

Power balance and frequency in cooperating power systems. Theoretical and physical background of power balance. Static and dynamic power balance, system frequency.

Consumer loads. Load curve and it’s timeliness. U and f dependence of consumer loads, static and dynamic models.

P-f regulation. Primary, secondary and tertiary regulation, principles, technological background. Primary regulation in cooperating systems. Static dP-df characteristic of synchronous systems.

Exchange power-frequency regulation. Principles of the regulation, basic correlations. Coopration of regulations.

Regulation reserves. Interpretation, classification, technological characteristics.

Dynamics of frequency change. Frequency change in case of generation outage, processes and regulations

Load-shedding. Demand-side management, system of load-shedding. Underfrequency load-shedding.

Reactive power balance in the power system.. Reactive power balance in the power system, theoretical background of the balance.

U-Q regulation of transmission networks. U-Q regulation of transmission networks: principles, measures, regulation levels.

Voltage stability. Emergence of voltage instability, identification of stability limitations, keeping stability during operation.

Parameters and operational characteristics of synchronous machines. Characteristic curves and parameters for steady-state operation.

Generator models. Output power of generator, power factor. Derivation and interpretation of the simplified Up-Xd model.

Steady-state operation of the generator. Operational loading states. Lasting loading of the turbine-generator unit, P-Q curve.

Grid operation of generators. Operational characteristics, models. U-Q regulation of power plant busbars, UN-QN curve.

Transient generator model. The d-q model, reactances and time constants.

Electrical transients. Generator transients in no-load operation, time plots for three-phase short-circuit and switch-off.

Electromechanical swinging. Simplified E’-X’ generator model. Electromechanical swinging equation, swinging frequencies.

Stability assessment. Transient stability. Classification, processes and methods of transient stability assessment. Method and use of equal areas, energy aspects of transient stability.

Electromechanical swinging in multi-machine system. Swinging center of gravity, energy-related basics, factors affecting swinging.

Excitation control of generators. Design of excitation systems and controls.

Power system stabilisation. Principles of power system stabilisation (PSS). Transportable power of power plants, keeping stability.

Connection of asynchronous systems. System islanding and resynchronisation in a simplified, two-machine system. Energetics of the process, network effects. Criteria of successful resynchronisation.

Control of the power system. Measurements, signals. Computer support: SCADA, EMS.

Operation of transmission networks. TSO supervision, operation and preparation.

Operation of distribution networks. DSO supervision, control, malfunction elimination, security indicators.

Electricity storage. Theoretic of energy storage, introduction of technologies, areas of use, future trends.

Distributed generation. Specificities of generation technologies, network connection, effects on the operation and security of the power system. Control centers.

Operational aspects of intermittent renewable generation. Solar photovoltaics, wind power. Operation, regulation, effect on regulation reserves.

Network connection of generators. Rules, requirements.