Colloid chemical approach to nanotechnology

            INTRODUCTION – THE MODERN HISTORY OF  COLLOID SCIENCE

2.         CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOID SYSTEMS

2.1. Classification by the quality and structure of colloid particles

2.1.1. Microphases

2.1.2. Macromolecules

2.1.3. Micelles

2.2. Classification of the colloid systems by the network forming ability of the colloid nanoparticles

2.3. Traditional significance of colloid systems

3.         STABILITY OF DISPERSIONS

3.1. Interpretation of the kinetic stability

3.2. Surface electric properties of microphases

3.2.1. Formation of surface electric charge

3.2.2. Formation and description of the electric double layer

3.2.3. Electrokinetic phenomena, zeta potential

3.3.1. Electric double layer repulsion

3.3.2. Dispersion (van der Waals) attraction

3.3.3. Conclusions of the DLVO theory

3.3.4. Coagulation kinetics and mechanism (basic concepts)

3.4. Stabilization – destabilization with macromolecules and surfactants

3.4.1. Macromolecules (polymers)

3.4.2. Surfactants

3.5. Structural colloid interactions

3.6. Peptization

3.7. Sedimentation of suspensions, structured suspensions 

4.         PREPARATION OF DISPERSIONS

4.1. Disintegration of macroscopic material ensembles

4.2. Preparation of dispersions by condensation

4.2.1. Nucleation in solutions (Preparation of lyosols)

4.2.2. Homogeneous vapour phase condensation

5.         CHARACTERIZATION OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF COLLOID PARTICLES          

5.1. Shape of particles

5.2. Size of particles

6.         TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE          

6.1. Observing individual particles: imaging techniques

6.2. Techniques yielding average particle size

6.2.1. Sedimentation in gravitational field   

6.2.2. Sedimentation in a centripetal field

6.2.3. Osmotic pressure of colloids

6.2.4. Light scattering of colloid particles

7.         RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COLLOID SYSTEMS

7.1. Basic concepts, types of ideal rheological behaviour, relativity of rheological behaviour

7.2. Viscosity of dilute dispersions

7.3. Intrinsic viscosity, molar mass of linear, neutral macromolecules

7.4. Rheology of concentrated dispersions, pseudoplasticity, dilatancy, thixotropy

8.         INTERFACES

8.1. Liquid-gas interface, surface tension

8.2. Curved liquid surfaces: capillary pressure, ageing of colloidal dispersions

8.3. Liquid-liquid interface, cohesion and adhesion energies, spreading criterion

8.4. Solid-liquid interface, wetting

9.         ADSORPTION

9.1. Adsorption at liquid-vapour interfaces: surface tension of aqueous solutions

9.1.1. Insoluble monomolecular films

9.2. Adsorption at solid-gas interfaces

9.2.1. Characterization of porous adsorbents

9.3. Adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces

9.3.1. Non-electrolyte adsorption, mixture adsorption

9.3.2. Adsorption of electrolytes at solid-liquid

10.       ASSOCIATION COLLOIDS, MICELLES

10.1. Building blocks of micelles: amphiphilic molecules

10.2. Micelle formation, critical micelle concentration

10.3. Greatness of CM, Krafft- and cloud phenomenon, solubilisation

10.4. Types of micelles: small- and large micelles, vesicles, liposomes and reverse micelles

11.       FOAMS AND EMULSIONS         

11.1. Foams

11.2. Emulsions

12.       COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

12.1. The evolution of nanotechnology

12.2. Nanomaterials and their classification

12.3. Nano-scaled self-assembly and growth

12.4. Nanostructured coatings, nanomorphology, superhydrophobicity

REFERENCES